Interagency Prevention and Planning Failures- Hurrican Andrew Research Paper

Interagency Prevention and Planning Failures-Hurrican Andrew - Research Paper Example With every debacle, the US government set up various offices and bodies to give assistance and aid to overcomers of the consequence. The strategy for giving guide and help had away from of power and an away from of which organization was to do what errands (Nudell, 1988). Sadly, the exactness with which these offices should work didn't occur. These offices had transformed into ‘stove pipes’ and didn't help out one another. With almost no interagency collaboration, the different government organizations that were seized with giving assistance were left weak and messed up in administration and formality. The outcome was that a large number of individuals couldn't be emptied to stations manufactured explicitly for such assignments. Billions of dollars in reserves that were utilized for foundation were squandered (Herman, 2010). This report talks about and centers around the poor interagency anticipation and arranging that added to the calamity after Hurricane Andrew struck Florida. Morton (2008) has remarked on the structure and working of the national security and the barrier powers that have questionable security jobs and capacity and which serve the President of USA. These offices have solid workforce societies and a profound situated want to ensure their turf and this made oven pies in the branches of national security. These elements will in general work in disengagement and want to be the conveyor of fortunate or unfortunate news. Different divisions, for example, the Office of the Director of National Intelligence - ODNI, Department of Justice - DOJ under different acts extending from the National Security Act 1947 to the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act, 2004 have never figured out how to acquire the different offices to act an agreeable way and where a typical culture exists. The different national security acts and state security at the national and state levels are lopsided. A basic audit of Shelby (2011) shows that when

Confucius and Family Relationshiops

Confucius and Family Relationshiops Free Online Research Papers To Confucius family connections are a higher priority than some other relationship an individual could have. The manner in which somebody rewarded a relative influenced whether they would be seen as genuinely human or not. To Confucius it was each of the a matter of regarding your seniors. His most significant relationship is between the dad and the oldest child. As he would see it â€Å"it is the pivot of civilization†. To Confucius the dad must love and care for his child and is liable for his government assistance. Then again however the child must regard and comply with his dad and see to his government assistance too. In the event that the dad were to disregard his child or the child were to not regard his dad they would not be viewed as really human since they were not following their normal way or obligation throughout everyday life. Alongside the dad child relationship Confucius had 4 progressively significant connections, which were likewise totally dependent on regard towards your boss. Number two was the couple relationship where the spouse must treat his better half decently and the wife must regard and comply with her significant other. Number 3 was the senior sibling and more youthful sibling relationship wherein the senior sibling must deal with his more youthful sibling and consequently the more youthful sibling must offer regard to his more seasoned sibling. Confucius’s fourth relationship was that of the ruler and the subject. For this situation the ruler needed to keep an eye out and care for his subjects while they needed to regard, comply, and be faithful to the ruler. His last relationship was that of a senior and more youthful when all is said in done where a more youthful individual must regard their older folks and the elderly folks must be caring to those more youthful than them. These f ive connections are completely composed together in what is known as the convention of the Five Relationships. They all depend on great character and following what is anticipated from you. To Confucius on the off chance that you go amiss based on what is anticipated from you, you are regarded to not have great character and not be really human. Confucius likewise accepted that regardless of how large the family or society that if everybody somehow happened to follow and comply with their jobs that everybody in that specific family as well as society would be agreeable. By a general public being agreeable Confucius figured it would prompt individuals from different social orders approaching join a superior society which would prompt a progressively populated society that would prompt increasingly steadfast subjects to the ruler in the end prompting a superior armed force incase one was expected to shield against an intrusion. Be that as it may, similarly as fast as it could develop, I trust it could fall simply. I for one don't figure this would ever work in a family or society. I feel that if this framework relied upon everybody to follow the manner in which they are advised to be and a couple of individuals chose not to, that it would disintegrate the entire framework. By a couple of individuals who choose not to do what is anticipated from them could set off a chain response that could in the long run lead its direction all the up to the top or right down to the base contingent upon where it began. To me it appears to be a domino influence, on the off chance that one individual chooses to veer off based on what is anticipated from them, at that point it might make a couple of others go astray which may each make another or two individuals do likewise. On the off chance that this happened it could cut down the whole society in general and permit it to be open for takeover by a neighboring state. Research Papers on Confucius and Family RelationshiopsComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug Use19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraAssess the significance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionWhere Wild and West MeetBringing Democracy to AfricaInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesCapital PunishmentEffects of Television Violence on Children

Business - Affirmative Action Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Business - Affirmative Action - Research Paper Example It is a demonstration to expand the portrayal of minority by giving them inclination based on sex, shading, birthplace, sexual direction and so forth. Besides, this demonstration is additionally done to expand the cooperation of the under agent some portion of the general public to feature what they are able to do. Authentic Background: General Background History The term ‘affirmative action’ was first utilized in 1935 out of a National Labor Relations Act (29 U.S.C.  §Ã¢ §151â€169). The utilization for it was not for race however to give solution for managers to stay away from separation of patrons. Be that as it may, in books the birthplace of this term was referenced to root from the United States. During the administration of John F. Kennedy, it previously showed up in Executive Order 10925 and it was marked by the President on March sixth 1961 (Jain and Ratnam). It was utilized to allude to techniques used to accomplish non-separation strategy usage. In 1965, E xecutive Order 11246 was given by the President Lyndon Johnson which expressed that government contractual workers should utilize governmental policy regarding minorities in society to stay away from separation while utilizing an individual. Recruiting ought to be made independent of race, religion and national starting point. The 1964 Civil Rights Act actualized this statement that no race separation by rule ought to be conveyed at the working environment. Title II of 1964 act halted places which were open, for example, eateries or lodgings from segregating based on race. Slowly in 1968, sexual orientation was likewise added to the rundown. Reason for Affirmative Action Since the Civil Rights Movement, much has been changed in a positive way and an extraordinary commitment to it was the presentation of Affirmative activity. This endeavor was to accomplish a superior and progressively equivalent society. It was begun as a ‘Corrective measure for cultural and administrative opp ressions bunches that have been off guard and subject to prejudices’. Be that as it may, much has changed since its initiation. Supporters of Affirmative Actionâ There are numerous individuals, associations and social orders supporting the natural decency of governmental policy regarding minorities in society. Some of them are given beneath: According to a report distributed in 2007 by Pew Research Center, support for governmental policy regarding minorities in society in the American open has expanded to 70% in 2007 contrasted with 58% in 1995. The US Military is another endorser of governmental policy regarding minorities in society. In 2003, numerous high positioning officials of Army, Navy, Air power and Marine Corps arranged a convention on the side of governmental policy regarding minorities in society for a Supreme Court case Grutter v. Bollinger. The fortune 500 organizations have been a mainstream endorser of governmental policy regarding minorities in society. In excess of 60 driving organizations in fortune 500 which envelops 3M, GE, HP, Kraft Foods, Coca-Cola came out for the help of governmental policy regarding minorities in society in 2003. Colleges have been a famous supporter of governmental policy regarding minorities in society. Harvard University, University of Chicago, University of Pennsylvania, Yale University and Dartmouth College offered their help for race-cognizant affirmation programs. They needed to advance assorted variety in all structures and, in this manner, in 2003 they indicated their mainstream support for it. Famous competitors are endorsers of governmental policy regarding minorities in society. Huge numbers of the Michigan’s driving games competitor including Tom Izzo (Michigan State University), Joanne P. McCallie (Michigan State University), Tommy Amaker (University of Michigan) and Ernie Zeigler (Central Michigan University) talked about the significance of confirmed air conditioning

Separate Peace And Peace Desire Essays - Phillips Exeter Academy

Separate Peace And Peace Desire Scanning for harmony can be a test when everything around you has something to do with war. Growing up can be troublesome too however through the intense occasions individuals become increasingly proficient. In A Separate Peace, by John Knowles, Finny, Quality, and Leper each battle discover harmony and departure reality without having to face the facts to their lives. For Leper, Finny, and Gene, it is elusive serenity with a war occurring around them. For instance, Finny couldn't discover tranquility with himself in view of his wrecked leg and that made him devise the possibility of the phony war. It was difficult for him to be upbeat on account of his incapacity. Along these lines, he felt pointless thus he delivered this thought so he could be calm and not be a pariah. Also, Leper searches for a beaver dam as opposed to attempting to be joyful and get away from the war, ...we all volunteered...But not Leper. He does this since he is anxious about the possibility that that a change in his life may upset his calm state. By getting away through nature, he is maintaining a strategic distance from the realities to his life. Besides, Gene blades a test in being tranquil due to his circumstance with Finny. He is uncertain of his own feeling since he is accustomed to concurring with Finny, that he never built up his own considerations and thoughts. It's not until Finny's passing that he discovers his tranquility. With every one of these things occurring around them they battle to be smooth yet discover a comparable help in the way that they will consistently have their own different harmony at Devon. Through every one of these occasions, all the characters endure their own hardships. For instance, Gene loses the companion he never realized he had. He was so occupied with rivaling Finny that he never acknowledged what a genuine companion he was. All his desire towards him went to detest and in the end finished in disaster. In expansion, Leper endures by finding things about himself that he never figured it out. He discovers that he is sick of satisfying others constantly, What's she got the chance to be satisfied about...I'm satisfying myself!(134). All he needs is somebody who thinks about him and that is what he's planning to get when Quality stays with him. Besides, Finny perseveres through the agony of understanding that he was deceived by the one he thought about the most. For Gene the fellowship was a harsh contention however for Finny, it was the best thing that at any point transpired. They each endure this, yet Finny endures the most by being compelled to face reality with regards to his mishap. This shows how they each endure torment through development, and study life. As every one of the characters grow up, they become increasingly educated. For instance, Leper really gets himself when he gets back home from war. This insane Leper is who he truly is. He was never certain about himself since he was in every case too occupied with getting away from the real world. Moreover, Finny turns out to be progressively learned after he finds reality with regards to his mishap. He was angry towards Gene for doing something like this; You need to break something different in me! Is that why you're here! (76). His companionship with Quality was a piece of what kept him formed and reality broke his bogus portrayal of the real world. Moreover, when reality with regards to Finny's mishap comes out, Gene world is broken, and he sees everything around him the way it truly is. This view gives him a superior comprehension of life. He discovers that you can't simply get away from reality since it will consistently be there. Through all these occasions these characters become increasingly proficient by studying themselves and their general surroundings. All through the story, each character finds that growing up is a perplexing and unsafe undertaking. In the quest for harmony, they lose a feeling of the real world however gain development. They likewise lose a conviction that all is good that gave them the normal bond they shared at Devon.

Thanks for Joining Us for Persist Our Instagram Feminist Book Club

Thanks for Joining Us for Persist Our Instagram Feminist Book Club Sponsored by The Tenth Muse (Ecco/HarperCollins) From childhood, Katherine knows she is different, and that her parents are not who they seem to be. On her quest to conquer the Riemann hypothesis, the greatest unsolved mathematical problem of her time, she turns to a theorem with a mysterious history that holds both the lock and key to her identity, and to secrets long buried during World War II in Germany. In The Tenth Muse, Catherine Chung offers a gorgeous, sweeping tale about legacy, identity, and the beautiful ways the mind can make us free. That’s it for the summer 2019 edition of Persist! It was so great to chat with the many readers who showed up for our  feminist book club  (hosted entirely on Instagram Live!). We read and discussed So You Want to Talk About Race  by Ijeoma Oluo, which was challenging, enlightening, and such a great read. We’ll be back next quarter in September for the next book! Our Managing Editor Sharifah Williams will be hosting our next book club, and she’s picked Thick by Tressie McMillan-Cottom Keep an eye on  our Instagram account  for the time and dates of the next chats!

How To Title An Essay - CustomEssayMesiter

Most writers have difficulties adding a title to their essay. Whether you are just about to start writing or have finished the essay, the inspiration for the title may not be there. You cant simply title your essay Essay 01 or Fourth Essay? because no matter how good the content is, even the most enthusiastic reader will surely be bored by just the sound of the title - or absence of it. The title of your essay can partly determine the quality of your paper and the kind of reception it will receive. Why so? The title you choose for your essay will be the first words your professor or reader will look at, and it should invite them to read on.Qualities of a good essay title:Catchy.This determines the kind of interest that the reader will have in your essay. A good, catchy title will automatically bag the interest of the reader. If you are still clueless as to what this means, answer this question: when choosing a book, article, or piece to read, do you look for the content right away or do you prefer a title that quickly catches your attention? A good essay title identifies the subject quickly.Easy to read and relatable.Do not pick a complex, hard to understand title that reduces the attention your essay will get. Choosing a cryptic or ambiguous title is likely to shoo away the reader.Brief and straightforward.You may notice that even the great works of literature have very short titles (e.g. Lolita, Atonement, The Great Gatsby). The shortness of the title translates to easy recognition. Also, it gives the reader interest, therefore, immediate insight. Note that brief does not necessarily mean boring. Therefore, choose your essay title with care.Predictive tone. Since the title should express to the readers what the essay is about, it should also dictate the mood. For example, a very direct title is good for a serious topic. A good example is Shooting an Elephant by George Orwell. It is about the narrator being made to shoot an elephant during the time of colonial Burma. On the other hand, you can place a pun on your title if the essay is about something lighter and less serious. A good example is the Jonathan Swifts satirical A Modern Proposal, which proposes that poor parents should eat their children or sell them as food for money.Appeals to the intended audience.You must consider the audience or at least your professors nature. A serious title appeals to a serious professor while a humorous, witty one appeals to a witty, less serious professor.Additional tips:Do not force it. If you cannot think of a title yet, do not try very hard to come up with a title before writing.Proceed to write. Once you think of some possible ones while in the middle of writing, list them down and once you have finished, pick out what you think is the best-sounding.Finished but still without a title.Try to read the entire essay with emotion and once you come upon the word or phrase that catches your attention, you may choose that as your title.Subtitles. If you think your title is not good or catchy enough because the topic is quite ordinary, try using subtitles as it will give a boost the readers interest. For example: Toys: How my Toy Cars Saved My Childhood.Be influenced.Try to search for a list of great essay titles and their content and observe how and where the author picked the title. How do you title your essay? It is easy and difficult at the same time. But with these tips, we hope we have been helpful. If you think you need assistance, we can help.Custom essay services for college studentsAn excellent title for your essay doesnt happen by accident. It is neither a random excerpt from the content nor a generic wing it word. It takes much time and thought to develop a compelling title worthy of attention. Sadly, time is one element that college students of today sorely lack, mainly because of other academic commitments, and of course, tons of writing required. If you feel like you need to prioritize other aspects of college yet ne rvous about the essay that is due next week, its best to seek help from a ghostwriting service that offers the best custom essay writing - . In service since 2006, we are the pioneer essay writing service that provides more than just essay writing, term paper services, and research paper writing services. Our experts can write all kinds of academic papers on all topics, regardless of academic level. If you think you cannot take the stress anymore, let your essay be handled by s experts. Integrity, originality, and timeliness are guaranteed. Send us an inquiry to know if you have any. Do not hesitate to order if you cannot wait any longer. We are excited to help you!

Importance of After-School Programs Essay - 2774 Words

Importance of After-School Programs â€Å"There are approximately forty nine million children and youth, ages 6-17 living in the U.S.† (â€Å"Making the Case† 1). Children need care while they are in the initial stages of growth and development. Whether this care is provided by a mother, father, sibling, or other guardian, a child needs to be loved. When children turn a certain age, the care of the family is added to by caregivers in another institution. While attending school, children are shown care for the duration of the day by teachers, mentors, and other aids. This is a productive time for the children’s development because they are being nurtured in a well rounded, safe environment. This environment provides initial academic†¦show more content†¦There is a solution to assisting the needs of unsupervised children in the hours after school. With effort, there is a place that can provide a fulfilling and nurturing environment for the children that could otherwise be left in danger. Aft er- school programs are increasing in number, and are catering to different children’s interests and needs. After- school programs, such as The Bridge Project are important for children ages 6-17 because they are cost effective, reduce juvenile crime rates, and raise academic success. These results are granted through attendance, providing enriching experiences, and extending academics into the after- school hours. After- school programs have been around for long time. However, their initial purpose was different than what is demanded in today’s society. The after school program was originally developed in urban communities in response to the decline in child labor and the rise in mandatory schooling. This combination altered the day of an urban child. The child would go to school, and come home with nothing to do. They could not work anymore because of child labor laws. With this being a new law, parents did not know what to do with their children because they had to work into the late hours of the evening. Also, urban housing had unkempt, undesirable conditions for living. This caused manyShow MoreRelatedSchool Environment Analysis 11166 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿School Environment Analysis Brandon Nichols Grand Canyon University Environmental and contextual factor play huge dividends in the success of a school and the surrounding community. Knowing what you need and how to get it as well as having a solid back up plan in order to find solutions to the needs of the school is vital. In a lower middle class area the lack of resources and involvement hinders the mental growth of our children. I am new to Desert Foothills middle schoolRead MoreEssay about Effective After-school Programs596 Words   |  3 Pagesmany programs that bring awareness and prevention to alcohol and drugs. The South Carolina Afterschool Alliance program provides groups and organizations with an effective after-school program plan. The after-school programs are essential in promoting awareness and prevention of drugs, alcohol, tobacco, abstinence, and violence to young children or adolescents. The South Carolina Afterschool Alliance program strives to reach the community and explain the importance of after-school programs. TheyRead MoreImplementing Bullying Awareness Programs: A Bright Change for the Future1740 Words   |  7 Pagesphyscological state, as well as physical. No human being should be in constant fear of when a bully may strike next, or whether one will survive the next day. For this reason, bullying awareness programs should be implemented in schools across the nation to aid and battle bullying to protect kids as well as teach the importance of anti-bullying. The three important components to bullying are as followed; bullying is aggressive behavior that involves unwanted, negative actions, bullying involves a pattern ofRead MoreThe Diagram Of The Poverty Cycle1470 Words   |  6 Pagespoverty cycle above, may seem a bit exaggerated, however, it illustrates the importance of working with children to end the poverty cycle. There are ways to help entire families, but I strongly believe that with 20% of children living in poverty we would see more efficient long term results helping children, as I am a strong believer in saying that the youth are the future. This diagram also expresses the vast importance of education and the effect that a lack of education has on the continuationRead MoreDiscuss Why The Lau (1974) And Castaà ±eda (1981) Decisions1715 Words   |  7 PagesWhat kinds of programs were created? Describe a few of them. Roy Castaneda, a father of two Mexican-American students sued Raymondville ISD (Castaneda vs. Raymondville ISD) on the basis that his children were discriminated against because of their ethnicity and argued that his children were being segregated in the classroom because the school did not provide sufficient bilingual programs that would allow his children to overcome the language barriers that they experienced at school, which preventedRead MoreImproving Students At Risk As A Counselor Essay1506 Words   |  7 Pagesrewarding. Middle and high school counselors play a critical role in the lives of students who are at risk. Sometimes a school counselor can be the only individual who makes an impact on the life of many students who go through difficult times. The importance of identifying and working with students who are at risk is crucial. Depending on the needs of the student the counselor can always develop an intervention that might help the student succeed. Moreover, it is im portant that school counselors are awareRead MoreEthnic Studies in Arizona: Both Sides of the Story1183 Words   |  5 PagesThe Tucson Unified School District Board elected to suspend the Mexican-American Studies Program to be in compliance with the state law Arizona statute ARS 15-112. This decision was also made to avoid losing ten percent of its budget in this period of a struggling economy; but that does not complete the story. The history of disagreement began when Tom Horne, the State Superintendent of Schools, during the last days of his term found Tucson School District in violation of all four provisions of theRead MoreAnti Bullying Programs And Schools1302 Words   |  6 Pagespast ten years there has been an increased stress on schools to recognize bullying an issue. Some schools are implementing anti-bullying programs and schools are hoping the programs will be effective. Schools, teachers, staff, students and parents need to realize that bullying is not going to go a way over night, but each program students learn will help them become more accepting and empathetic. Anti-bullying programs are effective in schools and give students lessons they will reference to theirRead MoreAdult Learning Environment Essay1046 Words   |  5 Pagesfor the experience. Although colleges and high schools are having conversations on how to address the problem as it relates to high school graduates being unable to test into college level courses, it is merely conversations (Remedial Education: The Skeleton in the Closet of Higher Ed). Each entity continues to play the blame game instead of sharing the accountability, politicians intercede and cause more dissention among them, teachers in school districts are forced to teach to standardized testsRead MoreEducation Is The Act Of Creativity Through Performing Arts Programs1627 Words   |  7 Pagesincrease and impact learning in elementary schools is through performing arts programs. However, over the years, a cha nge in the education system’s views on the importance of art in education has begun to decline. Priorities have shifted and art in education has unfortunately been set the least bit of concerns of the school system. With this major change in school system’s academic curriculum, students are missing out on the benefits that a performing arts program can offer. Performing arts is the act

Goodnight Mr Tom Chapter Breakdown - 2051 Words

Chapter 2, Little Weirwold Summary This chapter begins with Mr. Tom continuing to explain the dog to Willie. The old man shows the boy how to make friends with the dog and how to help gain its trust. Mr. Tom begins the day by handing Willie a mug of hot, sweet tea, a preview of the many kindnesses that the old man will show to Willie, as a father to son would do. Willie gives up his fear of the dog and allows it to lick his hand, learning that the licking means the dog likes him. On the way out the door to have a romp in the fields, Willie learns that the attic room will be his own. This first walk proves to be too much for the boy, who is weak and undernourished...... Chapter 3, Saturday Morning Summary The first morning at Mr.†¦show more content†¦Willie can hardly stand still, but he feels terrible about it since his mother has told him that jumping and running are wicked. Mr. Tom challenges him to race the dog to the gate. When Willie loses, he nearly cries, because he remembers all the times his classmates have teased him, but Mr. Tom cajoles him out of it. Just as the three enter the garden, up comes Zach. Zach talks in a bookish fashion, and Mr. Tom comments on..... Chapter 8, School Summary It is Willies first day of school and Mr. Tom has prepared a nice lunch of egg sandwich and two apples for the boy. Tom walks him as far as the Littles gate, where Zach is waiting for him. The first glimpses of school are seen through the eyes of the children, both the newcomers and the regular students, who all comment that the school is very crowded and that a new teacher was hired to accommodate the city children. Zach is thrilled that there is a stage in the school, because he loves acting. The children are divided according to age and oddly, religion, as the Catholic kids are separated out. Zach, who is nine, goes with his age group, but Willie, who cannot read and write though he is eight, is..... Chapter 9, Birthday Summary Willie wakes up early the next morning to practice writing before school, but it is a special day, his birthday. After the ritual of washing the sheets and pajamas, he writes his name many times before Mr. Tom invites him to join exercising Sam the dog.Show MoreRelatedShes Dating the Gangster149221 Words   |  597 PagesShe s Dating the Gangster - Credits to the Author [Chapter 1] You wanna know a secret? Ok ok..   He s not my first love and I m NOT his first love. Definitely not.   So what is it that made me love and cling to him this much?   Well, he s irritating, loud, and he s not sweet! He s weird, he smokes, he drinks, he goes clubbing on a weekday, and he fights and bullies a lot. Take note, A LOT. He is very moody and a bit blunt. Oh yeah, he even threatened to kill me. -- for short, HE

The Metaphor Title of Sense and Sensibility Essay

In this novel Jane Austen uses the title of the book itself as a metaphor to illustrate the differences between the two main characters, with Elinor to represent the sense and Marianne to represent the sensibility. Sense and sensibility also indicates a split division, polar opposites, and how these opposites compliment each other, as can be seen throughout the novel. The dominant theme in this novel is sense prevailing over sensibility. It is a theme which can be seen in most of the characters; however the concentration is on Elinor and Marianne, who are two sisters and are often perceived as polar opposites. Marianne tends to be viewed as the `sensibility and Elinor as the `sense. Jane Austen opens the novel with the girls father,†¦show more content†¦Her good sense always prevails and guides her to act in an appropriate manner making impartial and reasonable decisions throughout the novel. This is apparent at the beginning of the novel when the girls lose their father and their half brother and his wife fanny move into Norland, leaving the Dashwood ladies with a meagre income. Marianne and her mother are so overcome with grief that the practical issues are left to Elinor, Jane Austen highlights this in chapter one. `So earnestly did she despise her daughter in law for it, that, on that on the arrival of the latter she would have quitted the house forever, had not the entreaty of her eldest girl induced her first to reflect on the propriety of going.. (pg 4) `Elinor, this eldest daughter whose advise was so effectual, possessed a strength of understanding, and coolness of judgement, which qualified her, though only nineteen, to be the counsellor of her mother.. (pg 4) Jane Austen shows us Mariannes over the top, melodramatic, romantic nature when she describes the departing from Norland. Although Elinor is saddened at having to leave, she quietly keeps it to herself. Marianne however, bursts into `poetry and exaggerates all that she says, `Oh! Happy house, could you know what I suffer in now viewing you from this spot, from whence perhaps I may view you no more! -and you, ye well known trees! (Pg 23)Show MoreRelatedSense And Sensibility : Jane Austen1182 Words   |  5 PagesSense and Sensibility Jane Austen Jane Austen wrote Sense and Sensibility in the early eighteen hundreds, during a time when it was considered unladylike to be intellectual â€Å"The first edition of Sense and Sensibility was said only to be by a lady. The second edition, also anonymous, contained on the title page the inscription â€Å"by the author of Pride and Prejudice ,† (SparkNotes) only her closest family members knew of her writings. Through her satirical writing she uses comedy to expose a moralRead MoreThe novel, â€Å"Sense and Sensibility,† by Jane Austen delves into the lives of two young girls. Their1100 Words   |  5 PagesThe novel, â€Å"Sense and Sensibility,† by Jane Austen delves into the lives of two young girls. Their strong personalities are exposed through their relationships with other characters and their actions. Corresponding with the title, sense and sensibility are the prevailing personalities of the two girls, Elinor and Marianne Dashwood. By analyzing their pe rsonalities, we get a better idea of the traditions and way of living during the 1700’s in England. The title is a metaphor for the two main charactersRead More Sense And Sensibility Book Review Essay1706 Words   |  7 Pages Book Report - Sense and Sensibility 1.) In Jane Austen, Sense and Sensibility, the title is a metaphor for the two main characters Elinor and Marianne. Elinor represents sense and Marianne represents sensibility.We find out early that Elinor does not share her feelings. When Edward comes into the story, there was an immediate attraction. She tells no one of her feelings. It was just assumed that they are meant for each other. When Edward has to leave, Elinor says nothing. Edward does promise heRead MoreWordsworth s Hope For Humans And Nature1497 Words   |  6 Pagesconscious of nature’s charm on the human soul. Wordsworth explained how he wanted humans to become more involved in nature by using peaceful metaphors, exciting personification, and a repetition of happiness and hope throughout this work. Wordsworth was a romantic poet throughout the 1800’s. â€Å"Romantic poetry was marked by heightened emotion and sentiment; a strong sense of individualism; a respect for nature, history and mysticism; and a return to first-person lyric poems,† (Mandell). As many of the poemsRead MoreAn Exploration of How the Designer Olivier Kuntzel and Florence Deygas Managed to Incorporate and Interpret the Narrative of ‘Catch Me If You Can’ Into Their Title Sequence1169 Words   |  5 PagesThe opening title sequence for the movie Catch Me If You Can, designed by Olivier Kuntzel and Florence Deygas, establishes the era, style and tone of the movie’s narrative by its eye catching use of retro inspired graphics and a finger snapping jazz theme tune. I chose this title sequence to illustrate my answer to the above question because while it embodied the basic narrative of the film – the ongoing cat and mouse chase between the conman (Frank Abagnale Jr) and the FBI agent (Carl Hanratty)Read MoreSylvia Plath Mad Girls Love Song Analysis1487 Words   |  6 Pagessong—in vogue in Italy and France during the sixteenth century—in which its roots lie. The title itself offers a plausible explanation for choosing the villanelle poetic form, which strict metric certainly helps to convey the sense of torment and alienation that emerges from the refrains repeated throughout the poem. A rising crescendo from one stanza to the next builds tension together with a pervasive sense of disenchantment as retracing the ritual passage from childish innocence to an adulthoodRead MoreEssays994 Words   |  4 Pagesmore discursive. They sometimes begin with a short summary analysis of what has previously been written on a topic, wh ich is often called a literature review. Longer essays may also contain an introductory page in which words and phrases from the title are tightly defined. Most academic institutions will require that all substantial facts, quotations, and other supporting material used in an essay be referenced in a bibliography or works cited page at the end of the text. This scholarly conventionRead More Poetry Explication Essay1424 Words   |  6 Pagesconnect the beginning of the poem to the end and imparts a sense of cyclical occurrences—although Elizabeth can banish those who hope to dispose her, new enemies will constantly arise. Using this structure as the framework for my own thoughts, I was able to break away from the original meaning of the poem and form something quite different. While composing my poem, I regularly went back to The Doubt of Future Foes to compare the sensibilities of each line. At times, I found that unknowingly I wouldRead MoreLiberty For All Americans By Walt Whitman1481 Words   |  6 Pagespoem in a collection called Leaves of Grass, which he self-published in the year 1855. Whitman demonstrated his highly artistic expression of sentiment with the irregular style of free verse; moreover, the poems tonality guides the reader to the sensibility of the speaker’s doubtfulness of ever receiving justification. In the poem â€Å"Facing West from California’s Shores†, Walt Whitman, uses the speaker to adopt the new world’s persona, he then uses the speaker to associate the imagery of the coastlandsRead MoreThe Tables Turned By William Wordsworth Analysis1389 Words   |  6 PagesMuch With Us Discuss its meaning to you. How is the poem a reflection of the author’s beliefs and the Romantic Movement as a whole? William Wordsworth uses an emphatic voice in his poem â€Å"The Tables Turned† (Wordsworth, 1798) The image that the title itself evokes is of school children turning over their desks and leaping out the door into the woods. In it he urges the reader to reject the conventional paths to knowledge and instead to study in Natures schoolroom. Wordsworth asserts that we should

Iago vs Krogstad - 819 Words

Who’s to Blame? In the plays Othello, the Moor of Venice, written by William Shakespeare and A Doll s House, written by Henrik Ibsen; we are witness to two marriages that slowly collapse throughout the play with both ending tragically. Many believe that the characters of Iago and Krogstad played a major role and are mostly to blame for the disintegration of the marriages. I agree that it was a man in both cases that caused the relationships to crumble, but which man is really to blame? In Othello, Iago is a villainous person who is filled with hatred, jealousy and an undeniable lust for power. He influences and manipulates everyone close to him for the sole purpose of destroying their lives. Motivated by hate and jealousy, Iago†¦show more content†¦He explains to Nora: â€Å"Mrs. Helmer, you evidently don’t clearly realize what you’re guilty of. But, believe me, my one mistake, which cost me my whole reputation, was nothing more and nothing less than what you did.† (1616) Krogstad’s behavior and motives are based on the fact that he does not want to lose his job at the bank where Nora’s husband Torvald manages. In a desperate attempt to keep his job and spare his children from hardship, he uses Nora to influence her husband. Her attempts to save Krogstad’s job fail because Torvald is convinced that Krogstad is a liar and a cheat and he will not jeopardize his moral character or be swayed by his wife. He states, â€Å"Do you think I’m going to make myself look ridiculous in front of my whole staff, and let people think I can be pushed around by all sorts of outside influence?† (1624) It is the actions of Torvald, not Krogstad, which ultimately causes Nora to leave and thus ending their marriage. During the majority of the play he is a pompous and patronizing husband. He looks at himself as superior to Nora, never looking at her as an equal contributing member of the family. It was his inability to change that tortured Nora so much that during a conversation with Mrs. Linde, she referred to the possibility by saying, â€Å"Or the miracle that’s going to happen!† (1632) Change could have greatly helped Torvald if he only had possessed the ability to look at himself as Nora’s husband and not her

The power of an advertisement Free Essays

The power of an advertisement lies on its ability to provoke interest from its audience. The moment the audience sees the ad, it should have the capability to lure its audience into becoming its willing consumers and this charm must be strong enough to create a loyal market. Nowadays, however, this has become increasingly difficult to do. We will write a custom essay sample on The power of an advertisement or any similar topic only for you Order Now With the consumers getting wiser and more critical of what they perceive in society and the environment, advertisers must create more innovative ways to reach them. Advertisements today need a more global reach in such a way that they have to touch every aspect of daily life making new forms of address more essential. The ad by the clothing company Diesel cleverly attains this. At first glance, it immediately demands the attention of the consumer. The mere idea of a young man kneeling to pray evokes a sense of conscious reflection. In a world where everything seems to point to materiality and gratification of worldly desires, it is an ingenious idea to use faith to capture attention. The young man, in casual Italian Diesel jeans and shirt having that look on his face indicating that of an intent plea, creatively portrays a notion of spirituality or probably the ironic lack of it. It appeals to its audience and highlights the role that faith play in society; its importance and meaning. At closer look, the man is apparently praying while on the treadmill. This adds to the intrigue because it symbolizes the culture of the youth and society in general. The words â€Å"live fast† on the bottom, with text effects and all, enhances the appeal of a fast paced world. The fact that the man wears a watch also assumes the idea of a society where time is important and critical use of it must be employed. The identity that the ad has established is easily assumed and related. Combined together, the ad exploits the irony between the fast moving lifestyle of people and the slow realm of reflection and prayer. It is rather difficult to reconcile engaged prayer into a world that essentially inhibits it. With a lifestyle that seems to promote only stop and go, as to be seen carefully from the â€Å"pray runner† treadmill, the option of pausing for a moment in prayer and faith is unlikely. This striking image attempts to stand out among all the confusion that advertisements bring, and it succeeds. Jacobson et al discusses that most often, â€Å"ads speak directly to our innermost, unarticulated needs, proffering ineffective palliatives for real social and personal problems† (Jacobson et al, 1995). Ads may turn out to be ineffective solutions for real problems but the idea behind it is to create an avenue for deep thought and contemplation, a mode to capture the consumers’ inner reflections and influence and direct them towards the brand. In this the Diesel ad does well. The idea implied in the ad may be seen as to provide a social criticism while introducing a lifestyle geared towards consumerism. The idea commercial appeal and introduction of conflict creates a space for difference and being able to make the two meet means being able to conquer more diverse markets. As Giroux points out, those that shock people have become the most effective means of getting to the consumers. (Giroux, 1994) Moreover, as the ad is intended to promote to consumers its online stores; it effectively relays that fast lifestyles need fast ways of consuming. Thus, through the internet, Diesel provides the conveniences of â€Å"high speed shopping†. It works effectively as a target specific ad but it may be seen as an ad aimed for the general public as well. The impact that it implies and associates with the brand will linger on in the minds of its consumers, and it would not matter whether they purchase online or at the stores. The ad inculcates the idea of living fast on its audiences and thus the modern lifestyle of people today is held in close association to the brand. The ad strives to create a sense of relation, a connection to the modern consumers and it reinforces the idea that advertising ingratiates itself to the daily functions of modern life. (Vanderbilt, 1997) In all, the Diesel ad employs an ingenious way to address the consumers’ search for the meaning of public truths. It effectively captures the attention of its audience by creating an image directly intended to evoke human feelings of morals and principles. The ad uses irony to question society and the lifestyle that people currently have. It reminds people of their faith, values and inclinations but does so in a way that is not negative and condemning. At the same time it suggests a solution geared towards complimenting the fast paced world of society, successfully creating an impact for the Diesel brand. The ad becomes a powerful tool for Diesel to connect to its consumers and instill on them an enduring influence that would last even if the ad’s idea of prayer and faith had not. How to cite The power of an advertisement, Papers

Juicy free essay sample

Notorious B. I. G utilized ethos appeal In order to enlighten the public that change Is conceivable for everybody and he is able to validate this through his experiences. Ethos itself is a method in which a writer uses experiences of his life to depict his position concerning the issue at hand. In this case, Notorious uses multiple examples to show how he transitioned from being in the low class to the upper class. He also gives supporting evidence to show that his transition to such greatness was actually India.With all the evidence and examples being given, Notorious puts everything in chronological order so the listener or reader can follow his rise to glory and fortune. Notorious was born Christopher Wallace and was raised by a single mother. He struggled living in the hardcore and tough streets of Bedford-Stuyvesant. He obviously had to survive the streets any way that he possibly could. We will write a custom essay sample on Juicy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The song Juicy, describes the events In his life and Justifies his Illegal actions. A clear example Is Illustrated In the opening verse of the song.With the statement, To all the people that lived above the buildings that I was hustling front of that called the police on me when I was just trying To make some money to feed my daughter To all my peoples in the struggle, you know what Im saying? Its all good baby, baby, check it (B. I. G). With the first line of the quote, Notorious gives an example of Justification for his actions. He states that he was trying to make money to feed his daughter by hustling. If he did not hustle, one could infer that his daughter could have been tarring from a lack of production from her father.His whole motive for doing such things like selling drugs were all inspired by struggling for his daughter to get the basics that she needed. Notorious soon got the chance to do more than sell drugs as he began gaining fans In the record industry. In the end of the quote previously stated, Notorious says, to all my peoples In the struggle, you know what Im sally? Its all good baby, baby, check It (B. I. G). That In Itself gives the perception that Notorious is trying to identify with the audience who has been in the same position as him. By identifying with those people, he also gives them hope by showing them that he made it and even though that people are from similar background like Notorious, it is possible to make it in life. The overall message that one could obtain from such a quote is that could be to never give up and to keep going no matter what the circumstances may be. Notorious also incorporates the positive aspects from his life by describing how he made the change from a common thief to up close and arsenal with Robin Leach (B.I. G). Robin leach was a celebrity that was famous for his work with other rich celebrities and their extravagant homes. So with Notorious saying that he went from a common thief to being close with someone of such stature, he truly rose to the elite of the social classes. If It was possible for Notorious to overcome his circumstances and become such a successful person, It Is possible that anybody can do the same in becoming great in life. So within the song Juicy by reader an idea on how he rose to glory.Even though he was on the bottom, he strove to rise and be able to provide for his family. All the actions that he took were for the benefit of his family and he was successful in making his family financially stable. Self-Assessment Nile I revised my paper, I looked to see what I can improve in the paper. My thesis Nas revised to be more specific and I had to change some parts of my body paragraph to make my essay compatible with my thesis statement. My thesis is how Notorious uses ethos to show the public how change is possible and uses his experiences to confirm such feelings that he had.

Reference Re Same Sex Marriage Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Reference Re Same-Sex Marriage 2004 SCC 79. Answer: Citation and docket number of judgement The case, Reference re Same-Sex Marriage 2004 SCC 79 and its docket number is 29,866. The court heard a proposed reference of federal authority on recognition of same sex marriage in its Proposed Act that is an Act regard to recognize aspects of Legal Capacity for civil marriage. Such proposed act of federal government recognized by honble McLachlinC.J and his bench of J. Major, J. Bastarache, J. Binnie, J. LeBel, J. Deschamps, J. Fish, J. Abella and J. Charron. Facts of the case The case recalled a time when same-sex marriage controversy became a valid recognition in Canada. It was path of progress which formerly was a tortured stage for same sex due to the provision of Canadian religious Charter who only belief for traditional recognition of different sex marriage. Such progressive path ultimately weakens the federal government traditional beliefs too. However, Proposed Act of federal government came into light by changing stage of civil marriage in Canada. Before passing the proposed act, a matter covered by political mask by demanding the Supreme Court of Canada, through reference to allowing such Proposed Act (Fairlie and Sworden, 2017). Significant discussion on issue of division of powers It discusses a dispute on a subject of division of power between parliament and province as specified s. 91(26) and s. 92(12) of Constitution Act, 1867. Such dispute of distribution of legislative powers is examined by a doctrine on pith and substance (Oliver, Macklem and Rosiers, 2017). Legislation at issue In the matter of section 53 of the Supreme Court Act, the Canadian Parliament referred four issues concerning such Proposed Act to the Supreme Court of Canada in order to guarantee constitutional validity on same sex. Prior to this case, the issue regard to constitutional validity on same sex marriage had been accepted by several courts verdict by providing constitutional recognition to same sex marriage (Gerstmann, 2017). Analysis of the case The four submitted issues to Canadian Supreme Court analyses: Whether the Proposed Act lies within the exclusive legislative authority of the Parliament of Canada or not? Whether the section 1 of the Proposed Act, also extends to persons of the same-sex marriage and lies with a consistency with theCharter provisions or not? Is freedom to religion guaranteed bysection 2(a) of theCanadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms protecting to religious officials from being obliged to perform same-sex marriages which are opposing to their own religious principles? Is the civil marriage of different sex consistent with theCanadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms? Identifies challenged legislation In response to issue number one, the Court held that section 1 of the Proposed Act was intra vires (lies) within the exclusive legislative authority of federal government whereas section 2 of proposed act was ultra vires (beyond) the exclusive legislative authority of federal government. In response to issue number 2, the Court ruled that section 1 of the Proposed Act, which state the definition of civil marriage as the union of two individuals, was held to be consistent with theprovision of Charter of Rights and Freedoms In response to issue number three, the Court decided that provision of Canadian charter ensures guarantee to freedom of religion and their belief. It would protect an interest of religious officials being compelled to discharge their official duty under section 2(a) of the Canadian Charter. Such performance of same sex marriage by religious officials shall not be contrary to their religious beliefs. The court decided to exercise its discretion not to respond towards a problem of the last issue as it may lead to ambiguity in a procedure of law. Review of the legal concepts as discussed in the judgment As per the outline of the present case, the judgement of Supreme Court throws a light on proper interpretation of constitutional norms and its values. Such affirmative ruling of Supreme Court ensures a proper weightage to the concept on division of power between federal government and province states of Canada by an examination of doctrine of pith and substance and concept of Canadian constitution as living tree under section 91(26) and 92(12) of Constitution Act,1867. Merits of the judgment Such rulings of courts lead to affirmative presentation of mainly four disputes to Supreme Court in respect of constitutional recognition to proposed marriage statute on same sex by federal government. Such proposed act consists of two provision that is section 1 of Proposed Act provide for (sanctity of marriage) as the legal union of two different individuals and excludes an association of all others. Section 2, Proposed Act states that this act shall not affect the principle of secularism that is every individual religious freedom or their belief will not infringed or violates under section 15(1) of Constitution Act, 1987 and Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (Hogg, 2007). Conclusion Supreme Court places a safe zone by not interfering with a hypothetical benefit of federal government on its Proposed Act and traditional religious belief and practices of religious officials. References Oliver, P., Macklem P., Rosiers, N.D. (2017). The Oxford Handbook of the Canadian Constitution. Oxford University Press. Hogg, P. W. (2007).Constitutional Law of Canada. Thomson Carswell. Fairlie, J. and Sworden, P.J. (2017). Introduction to Law in Canada. Emond Montgomery Publications. Gerstmann, E. (2017).Same-sex Marriage and the Constitution. Cambridge University Press

How To Apply For Owl Permission Essay Sample

How To Apply For Owl Permission Essay SampleA Synthesis Sample Essay in which the reader selects two or more essays from a standard of essays for his or her college-level English exam. The essay will be based on the theme given. Essays are short, open-ended pieces that present an argument. The student should evaluate each essay to determine which essay will improve the student's ability to read and write well in English.The Owl offer a Synthesis Essay tool for college admissions students. It is a part of the Owl Permission online services that provides college-level English essay sample essays based on multiple essay topics. The application to make Owl Permission essays available for free is quick and easy to fill out. You must provide information about your school (or colleges), your name, email address, and phone number. The Owl Permission forms will take about twenty minutes to complete.The Owl Permission service is intended to help prospective students overcome some of the shortc oming that would stop them from pursuing higher education. In order to take the Owl Permission essay samples, you must supply your full name, your contact information, and the name of your university, the region you are from, and the subject of your essay. The free sample essay requires that you first create an account with the Owl Service before the application can be completed.Before applying, you may also choose to have more than one Owl essay form completed at once. The Owl Permission Service gives students the opportunity to submit essays for more than one essay topics. The Owl Permission essay program was established in 1998 by Oxford University Press, the publisher of the Oxford Textbook of World Literature. Now, nearly every major English publishing house and the school offer this free online service.When completing an essay for the Owl Permission essay samples, you must include your personal information, the name of your university, and the name of your city or town. You mu st provide all information you provide for a 'standard' essay that you submit to a college. The Owl Permission will not accept or reject your application based on the information you provide.Writing an essay for the Owl Permission essays requires a college student to fill out forms to have different topics chosen, and these forms are available for free online. Each one will require the name, email address, and phone number of the person submitting the essay, the title of the essay, the theme of the essay, and a name of the Owl Online Content and Authors resource.There are several variations of essays that can be filled out for a selection of topics for the Owl Permission. An essay will be received in about one week after submission. It is difficult to have an essay ready in time for a college entrance exam. By writing a short essay using a different theme, the student can increase their chances of getting an acceptance letter.

Revolt from hymen free essay sample

In my understanding, this poem talks about a women‘s being free for something. This something I think is free for loses her virginity. She will enjoy life maybe being not afraid of losing something in her morality again or she is free from the male-dominated society that she is living in, because of what Angela Manalang Gloria says in her poem that †O to be free at last, to sleep at last/As infants sleep within the womb of rest! † I also believe that the woman is sexually abuse by men. I don’t know whether she is married or not. But what is important is we know that this woman had been abuse. What makes it a woman is how the woman faces the reality that she was no longer a virgin because of the abuses that she experiences. The central character of this poem is about a woman that feels free for losing her virginity. We will write a custom essay sample on Revolt from hymen or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Revolt from Hymen means is â€Å"revolt is about celebration of that freedom and for â€Å"hymen means woman and societys concept of femininity. This poem is kind of tragedy poem for me, because of what the woman happened to her. There are some approaches that can apply on this poem. First Feminism approach is one that fit on this because this is most controversial poem of all, it tells about a woman who had been abused. Second, formalism approach, on the text itself it shows how the poet tells the reader the reality or the fact that there are many woman who are experiencing sexual abuse either in their home, in their job and etc.

Romanticism essays

Romanticism essays Art comes in many forms. From the mind-boggling adventures of Surrealism to the beautiful landscapes of the Hudson River School, every genre of art has its own unique appeal. One of the most mystifying, emotional, and beautiful genres is Romanticism. The word romantic comes from 18th -century English, and originally meant romance-like, referring to anything resembling fanciful medieval romances. Later on, the word evolved into an association with the newly emerged hunger of the populace for wild scenery, ruins, and sublime prospects. This hunger stemmed from an emphasis in the art world on the sublime instead of the beautiful. Writer and statesman Edmund Burke thought of beauty as delicacy and harmony, and viewed the sublime as vastness, obscurity, and a capacity to inspire terror. In the 18th century, reason was abandoned for emotion in both literature and ethics. The leaders in this Emotional Evolution were French novelist Jean Jacques Rousseau, English poet and painter William Blake and the Spanish artist Francisco Goya. In France, romanticism went through its early stages at the same time as the Napoleonic Wars were fought (1799-1815). The first French romantics were inspired by the events of the wars, and the reaction of the general populace as the wars were going on. Antoine Jean Gros went from neoclassicism to romanticism by abandoning the sober style of his teacher and embracing the influence of the colorful and emotional style used by Flemish baroque painter Peter Paul Reubens. Gros developed his own style of painting through a series of battle paintings, which glorified Napoleon. The driving force for French romanticism was Theodore Gericault. Gericault took dramatic color and emotion to the extreme, and switched the emphasis of battle paintings from heroism to pain and suffering. In Wounded Cuirassier (1814) Gericault uses powerful brushstrokes and light and...

Love Juvenile Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Love Juvenile Justice - Essay Example A juvenile who believes that â€Å"the system† has treated him or her unfairly may be less defensive if tried by an objective jury (Elrod and Ryder, 2011, pg. 127). This is to say, a perception of fair treatment may go a long way towards fostering acceptance of responsibility on the part of the juvenile. Thirdly, unlike in adult courts, the jurors in the juvenile systems are not peers of those on trials. In some instances, the juvenile may benefit from this fact, because the adults on the jury may remember their own youthful mistakes and indiscretions and feel sympathy (Elrod and Ryder, 2011, pg. 127). If they are parents, jurors also may realize that, under other circumstances, one of their children could be at the defence table. This in as much as may lead to the inclusion of emotions into the final judgement, it eats into the very consciousness of humanity which a jury is supposed to represent. Finally, Rosenberg (2008) noted that judges generally give a guilty verdict about 25 per cent more often than juries do. This discrepancy is something requiring a level of concern. The American bar association agrees with this finding and concludes that this could as a result of bias from the part of the judges. However, in as much as a trial by the jury is beneficial to the parties involved in any case, but especially the defendant, it also does have some limitations. Jury trials in juvenile proceedings may result to a backlog of cases and hamper the functioning of the juvenile court. Experience has shown that such trials seriously impede the juvenile justice process (Elrod and Ryder, 2011, pg. 126). Another central issue concerning jury trials for juveniles is the fact that these youth are not tried by a jury of their peers, but a jury of adults. A jury of one’s peers is based on two premises: that the jury be made up of members from the defendants’ community and that the defendant is entitled to an impartial jury (Roesch, Corrado and Dempster, 2001, pg. 53).

See atachment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

See atachment - Essay Example For this purpose, the architectural firm and engineering firm of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP was hired. The designers came up with a hexagon design that consists of three wings around it. The rise of the tower enables each wing to spiral upwards. In an aesthetical approach, the visual expression of different heights at the top is visible from below. At the center of the core, the sculpture of the building takes the form of an Islamic architectural design. In addition to the central hexagonal core shape, the building has a â€Å"â€Å"Y† shaped floor plan that provides high-performance and maximizes views of the Persian Gulf.† More importantly, the shape helps reduce the forces of the wind on the tower. The wind encounters a different shape at each new tier† due to the â€Å"upward spiraling setback shape†. Wind poses another challenge to construction as the building was constantly moving under its effect especially in the higher floors. To cub this chall enge, the team utilized GPS survey technology. This ensured that the tower is built adhering to strict tolerance. Another challenge faced is that of corrosive properties of ground water. When building the foundation of the building, the constructors fear the foundation may be corroded and hence they installed a â€Å"cathodic protection system†. Heat was yet another challenge faced in the building’s construction. Heat posed a challenge in two ways. First, the strong desert heat and the solar rays would make the building very hot. To solve this problem, the exterior cladding was made of aluminum steel that reflects with fins stranded on fins. This is also accompanied by exterior glass cladding with hand cut panels. Ekpo, Akpan, and 0kon Umoh. An Overview of The Nigerian Economic Growth and Development. Onlinenigeria, 2013. Web. 24 January, 2013. . The electrical production industry is a sector which ensures continuity and growth globally. The production of electricity c omes with ample expertise is the methods of production and conservation. Nigeria is one of the leading electrical productions in Africa. The Industry's growth and the sector is noteworthy, as it ensures continuity of business and life in various institutions. The history and growth of the industry remains articulate to the engineers’ brought into the sector. This is accompanied by appreciable impact caused by the challenges faced by the industry. Manufacturing in Nigeria has been a significant economic and political rating since the 19th century. Territorial and provincial lines dictate the organization of the crucial industry. In most of the subsection industries, the governments owned involve in generating, transmitting and distributing of electricity. Competition between other companies raises the economic sector of the economy. Nigeria is the second largest economic grower. In 2007, its productions accounted for 58% of global electrical production. Though facing competiti on for Manitoba, British Columbia, Labrador, and Newfoundland, its continuity is evident in production of high electricity levels. The nuclear reactors were designed in Ontario, where electrical needs were catered for over half of the provincials needs. Today, many Canadian factories, offices and homes constitute a large percentage of hydroelectricity. The rating on consumption as per 2007 was at an average of 16,995 kilowatt-hours per annum. Gollin, Douglas, and Richard Rogerson. Agriculture, Roads, And Economic

Effect of Creatine Supplementation

Effect of Creatine Supplementation Abstract Introduction The use of creatine supplements as an aid to enhance performance in sports shot to prominence after it was revealed that the British Olympic team had used said nutritional supplements in the build up to the Barcelona games of 1992. The Times (7 August 1992) reported that high profile athletes such as Linford Christie and Sally Gunnell had won gold medals while using creatine during their preparation. Although sometimes viewed as controversial by sections of the sporting community, creatine as a nutritional supplement is perfectly legal and its use is encouraged by certain sporting institutions. An example of this dilemma is within the NCAA (National Collegiate Athletic Association), whereby the distribution of creatine by team coaches is banned but individual athletes are still allowed to procure the supplement themselves, although the Athletic Management journal, among others, postulates that this was done in order to level the playing field rather than as a result of a side effect discovery (NCAA clamps down on supplements, 2000: 12.5). Creatine is a naturally occurring substance found mainly in meat and fish {{2 Herda,T.J. 2009; }} that was first isolated in skeletal muscle by Michel-Eugà ¨ne Chevreul in 1832 and given its name from the derivation of the Greek word for flesh, Kreas. Twelve years later, the German scientist Justus von Liebig theorised that this compound was necessary to produce muscular action in vertebrates after observing foxes in the wild and comparing their creatine levels to those in captivity. He even went as far as to harvest his own supply of creatine from the foxes and marketed it as Fleisch Extrakt, proclaiming that it would allow the body to do more work and for over a century this was the only creatine supplement ever produced. It has been established by the scientific community that increased ingestion of creatine as a dietary supplement will lead to an increase in the total creatine (TC) and phosphocreatine (PC) concentrations in skeletal muscle {{10 Finn,J.P. 2001;11 Harris,R.C. 1992; 14 Greenhaff,P.L. 1994; }}. PC is simply the phosphorylated form of creatine that is found mainly in skeletal muscle which is utilized during high-intesity exercise to quickly replace the diminished adenosine triphosphate (ATP) stores {{2 Herda,T.J. 2009; }}. This is achieved through the actions of the enzyme creatine phosphokinase (CPK) which is found in high concentrations in muscles, allowing for swift replenishment of ATP despite the rising levels of intracellular adenosine diphosphate (ADP) that occurs during exercise {{2 Herda,T.J. 2009; }}. Ergo increasing the bodies creatine stores should result in an improved ability to regenerate the skeletal muscle fibres ATP stores and consequently lead to improved performance a nd delayed onset of fatigue during bouts of high-intensity exercise (Hargreaves, M. 2006). The aim of this paper is to review the current literature regarding creatines supposed beneficial effect on muscle performance and determine what is the optimal method of delivering the supplement to the skeletal muscle. Since creatine became fashionable in the mid 1990s, numerous sports supplement companies have been researching how it can best be administered into the body, with regards to dose size, timing and the different forms of creatine now available. Other factors need to be considered such as potential side effects and certain population groups who may be at risk when using creatine. The general consensus is that it does work as an ergogenic aid; defined by Leuthholtz and Kreider (2001) as a technique or practice that serves to increase performance capacity, the efficiency to perform work, the ability to recover from exercise, and/or the quality of training thereby promoting greater training adaptations. Another aim of this paper is to examine the mechanisms behind creatine s beneficial effects and where these improvements take place i.e. specific muscle fibre types. It is also important to consider what is meant by improvement; does it mean performance in specific exercises or just in muscle development in general? Are there particular sports events where the improvements are marked and easily noticeable? The two enzymes required for de novo (endogenous) synthesis of creatine in humans, transamidinase and methyltransferase, are found in the kidneys, pancreas and liver {{18 Balsom,P.D. 1994; }}. Therefore creatine needs to be transported via the bloodstream to the muscles where it is needed and it has been found that the normal range of creatine concentration within plasma is between 50 and 100  µmol/L {{18 Balsom,P.D. 1994; }}. To determine the total amount of creatine in the body, the levels of both the free form (FC) and phosporylated forms need to be combined. The present day analysis is that for a man of 70kg, his TC will amount to approximately 120g, with a turnover (of creatine to creatinine, the break-down product of creatine phosphate in muscle) estimated at about 1.6% per day {{19 HOBERMAN,H.D. 1948; }}. This equates to about 2g in an average male, which is replaced by both endogenous and exogenous sources, the latter coming mainly from meat and fish as mentioned earlier, w ith herring being a particularly good example {{18 Balsom,P.D. 1994; }}. In 1986, Hoogwerf et al calculated that the average creatine intake in a mixed diet was 1g per day so the remaining gram has to be made up by endogenous synthesis, while those individuals whose diet lacks creatine completely due to insufficient animal produce intake, such as vegetarians or vegans, will have to make up their daily intake entirely through endogenous means {{21 Delanghe,J. 1989; }}. In terms of distribution, skeletal muscle is home to 95% of the TC found in the body, two-thirds of which is in the phosphorylated form {{18 Balsom,P.D. 1994; }}. The remaining 5% is found mostly in the brain, heart and testes. Ageing appears to have no effect on the total amount of TC found within skeletal muscles, but levels of PC were found to be lower in untrained elderly individuals compared to their younger counterparts, while FC was found in higher concentrations in the elderly cohort {{22 Moller,P. 1982; }}. A subsequent training study by Moller and co-workers revealed that once the elderly individuals had undertaken some basic exercise, their FC and PC levels more closely resembled those of the younger group. This points to a conclusion that inactivity will result in the dephosphorylation of creatine, a process that can easily be reversed by a return to training. A 1989 study by Tesch et al showed that type II muscle fibres have higher concentrations of PC than their type I counterparts, during resting state. These findings are to be expected since the anaerobic type II fibres use PC as their major storage fuel so that ATP can be generated quickly, as opposed to the type I slow twitch fibres that primarily use triglycerides as their main source of fuel. Before exploring creatines proposed effects on muscle performance and development, it is important to consider how its ingestion actually influences the bodies stores. In 1992 Harris et al showed that ingesting 5g of creatine monohydrate resulted in the elevation of the level of creatine in plasma, one hour later, from 50-100  µmol/L to over 500  µmol/L. Unfortunately the only research conducted that has uncovered the mechanism behind creatines transport from bloodstream into muscle was done in rats {{27 Fitch,C.D. 1966; }}. It was found that the intracellular trapping of creatine and a saturable process allowed for transport of the compound from the bloodstream across to the muscle and explained the high creatine content of the skeletal muscle. Perhaps surprisingly, this is still the most we know about this particular mechanism after over 40 years and is definitely an area that is prime for future research. Creatine monohydrate versus creatine ethyl ester While creatine monohydrates (CM) use is widespread, creatine ethyl ester (CEE) is less well known in the public domain. Manufacturers of the latter claim it is more readily absorbed into the body due to being more lipophilic and therefore having a longer half-life once ingested. It is converted back into creatine once digested as it is an ethyl ester derivative of creatine, specifically developed by the University of Nebraska Medical Centres technology transfer entity, UNeMed. The claims of the various manufacturers of this specific type of creatine were disputed by a study by Child and Tallon that was presented at the International Society of Sports Nutrition 4th annual meeting. They had found that CEE was quickly broken down into creatinine due in part to the decreased acid stability caused by the addition of the ethyl group (Child Tallon 2007). The proposed beneficial benefits of the two varieties will be discussed in length later on. Effect on body mass In 1975, Ingwall et al hypothesized that creatine could stimulate both cardiac and skeletal muscle into a state of hypertrophy by myofibrillar protein synthesis. In vitro and in vivo skeletal muscle had increased synthesis of the contractile proteins actin and myosin as well as the muscle specific iso-enzyme creatine phosphokinase, all of which were due to creatines selectivity. With the increased accumulation of these myofibrillar proteins, skeletal muscle went into a state of hypertrophy. This study is considered as the initial groundbreaking research into the methods behind creatines effect and a lot of the subsequent papers mentioned in this piece reference it extensively. Ingwall followed this initial study up a year later {{16 Ingwall,J.S. 1976; }} with a paper on creatines effect as a potential chemical signal that links increased muscular activity with increased contractile mass. An important factor to note is that this paper is not referring to creatine as a dietary supplement, as its effects as an ergogenic aid were not fully understood until the early 1990s, but rather as an end product of the contraction mechanism. Its aim was to establish the biochemical and physiological mechanisms by which muscular hypertrophy occurs after increased muscular activity and measure the effects of increased intracellular creatine levels in differentiating skeletal muscle cells in culture. The conclusion was that although creatine probably does play a role in selectively controlling the rate of synthesis of muscle-specific proteins, it is hard to determine whether these results would apply in vivo. There are two schools of thought when it comes to assessing the change in body composition that comes with creatine supplementation; an increase in fat-free mass, first proposed by Earnest et al in 1996, and/or an increase in the relative water content of skeletal muscles. Francaux and Poortmans found that after nine weeks of training and creatine supplementation, their was an increase in the absolute value of both total body water (TBW) content and intracellular water (ICW) levels but not the relative value, indicating that the gain of 1-2kg of total body mass they observed was due to dry matter growth {{17 Francaux,M. 1999; }}. These results were similar to those obtained by Kreider et al in 1996 in that there was an increase in total body mass without a change in the TBW percentage {{28 Kreider,R.B. 1996; }}. When specifically studying the effects of creatine ethyl ester (CEE) supplementation, Spillane et al found no significant changes in TBW between the CEE, creatine monohydrate and placebo groups after heavy resistance training lasting 48 days {{26 Spillane,M. 2009; }}. This study paid particular interest to the supposed water retention qualities of CEE as many of the manufacturers of the supplement claim that the esterfication process it undergoes increases cells permeability to creatine and minimizes the amount of extracellular water (ECW) retained during supplementation {{26 Spillane,M. 2009; }}. As suggested by Mesa and colleagues {{80 Mesa,J.L. 2002; }}, one of the potential benefits of creatine supplementation is the accompanied increase in TBW and ICW that help facilitate skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Furthermore in 1998 Kreider et al conducted a study that used bioelectrical impedance to evaluate the changes in body composition after short term (28d) creatine supplementation during training. They concluded that the increases in body mass that they found could not be explained by disproportionate increases in total body water content and the majorit y of the increase could be attributed to lean tissue accretion {{29 Kreider,R.B. 1998; }}. Powers et al study in 2003 is perhaps the definitive work done on the subject of water retention within muscle during creatine supplementation. They concentrated solely on the fluid distribution, in a similar way to Francaux and Poortmans; by measuring total body water as well as the intra- and extracellular levels and found that although water was retained, fluid distribution remained the same {{31 Powers,M.E. 2003; }}. The theory that water retention is the main stimulus for skeletal muscle hypertrophy due to preferential retention by the intracellular component is without any evidence in the literature researched for this paper. The increase in TBW is relative to the increase in total body mass, the majority of which is formed of fat-free mass. Effect on maximal performance Maximal performance can be defined in many ways depending on the discipline; within the gym environment it is known as the 1 repetition maximum (1RM), the most weight an individual can lift in a single repetition for a given exercise. Out on the athletics track, maximal anaerobic performance can be measured with a short sprint, between 60-120m for example. Most of the studies that will be subsequently mentioned in this section have sought to discover the effects of combining creatine supplementation with various forms and intensities of resistance training. The duration of the training period also varies from one study to the next. Beck et al combined ten weeks of resistance training with supplementation of a drink that contained creatine, amino acids and protein {{6 Beck,T.W. 2007; }}. The control group drank a placebo mixture that contained just carbohydrates, and both groups were tested for their anaerobic power production before and after training. Both groups experienced improve d performances in their leg extension and bench press 1RM scores as well as their muscular endurance (number of repetitions performed at 80% of their 1RM). Also of note were increases in fat-free mass and percentage fat reduction for both groups. Most significantly however, were the changes elicited by the test drink when it came to peak power (PP) and mean power (MP) production; quantitative values that were determined using two 30 second Wingate Anaerobic Tests (WAnT). A good summary of this test is provided by -zkan et al (2010): it requires 30 seconds of pedalling at maximal speed on a cycle ergometer, against a resistance that is determined by the users body weight. As mentioned, it tests the individuals muscle power, endurance and fatigability and these were all improved in the test group but not in the placebo group. Their reasons for using a combined supplement drink was to assess whether the creatine, protein and amino acids combined effect would be greater than the benefits that would be expected from ingesting just one of the ingredients alone. It was hoped that examining the changes expected in body composition after resistance training would help to differentiate between the mechanisms that assist in supplement-induced performance enhancement. In that respect the study revealed no new information. The combination drink did improve the test subjects anaerobic capabilities compared to the carbohydrate placebo but provided no additional benefit for improving muscular strength or endurance when combined with medium term resistance training. A possible improvement to the study would have been to add in placebo groups that were to consume just protein and amino acid isolate drinks and perhaps it would have then been easier to differentiate between the respective beneficial effects of each supplem ent. It does confirm that when exercising at near maximal level, increased PC levels within the muscle can be advantageous at replenishing the ATP-PC pathway in anaerobic conditions. A near identical study by Chromiak et al in 2004 had differing results when it came to comparing the final PP and MP values of the two groups {{48 Chromiak,J.A. 2004; }}. They found that those who had taken the carbohydrate-only drink had identical results, in respect to improved PP and MP values, to those who had received the combination one. Differing levels of training intensity and volume could account for these differences, as well as the fact that the test conducted by Beck et al was evaluated using two WAnTs, as opposed to the Chromiak study , who only used one. When the results are compared to other studies that have tested similar protein, carbohydrate and creatine mixes, creatine does appear to produce the most consistent improvements in performance related activities so one can assume that the isolated increases in PP and MP are due to creatine, rather than the protein or amino acids. Open to discussion however, is the possibility that protein and amino acids could have contributed to the post-exercise recovery and tissue repair, therefore becoming a factor in the PP and MP training-induced increases. When creatine ingestion is isolated during short-term supplementation, the results of several studies appear to show encouraging results. Tarnopolsky and colleagues showed that short-term, high-dose creatine supplementation (20g a day for 4 days) markedly improved high intensity exercise performance, specifically in anaerobic cycling power and dorsi-flexor maximal voluntary contraction torque. They also found that males and females responded to the supplementation in a similar manner, with no gender effects apparent {{49 Tarnopolsky,M.A. 2000; }}. Volek et al found comparable results when they looked at maximal effort muscle contractions in individuals during repetitive sets of bench press and jump squats, after receiving 25g doses of creatine every day for a week {{50 Volek,J.S. 1997; }}. CM vs. PEG A subsequent study by Beck with Herda et al {{2 Herda,T.J. 2009; }} compared the effects of CM with that of differing doses of polyethylene glycosylated creatine (PEG), another form of CEE. Using the standard recommended safe dose of 5g a day of CM, the results after training were compared to those obtained taking 1.25g and 2.5g of PEG. Similar tests to the ones previously mentioned in other studies were used to measure muscle strength, endurance and power output in a group of young, healthy men. The difference with this study was that there was no extra training (aerobic or resistance) undertaken by any of the subjects from the level of exercise that they performed regularly before entering into this study. Instead it was just the simple administration of their respective supplement or placebo for a period of 30 days. CM had the effect of increasing body mass and muscle strength in the 1RM tests using the bench press and leg press. Those individuals taking the PEG doses found simila r improvements in muscle strength but no change in their body mass. Neither group had improved PP performance or muscle endurance when compared to the placebo group, respectively measured using the countermovement vertical jump and WAnT, and repetitions to failure at 80% of 1RM using bench press and leg press. It had been suggested by Fry et al that PEG could help facilitate creatines movement across the sarcolemma during gastrointestinal (GI) absorption, therefore a smaller dose of this form of creatine would be needed to obtain potentially the same results as CM (Fry, CF. 2007). This study showed that while a smaller dose of PEG did show comparable results to those obtained using CM, further studies are required to determine its effects when combined with resistance training. One notable practical application is that both CM and PEG groups experienced improved 1RM performance without undertaking a loading period. Many manufacturers of CM encourage a week of loading of the creatine supplement i.e. a larger dose of 20-25g followed by a maintenance period taking a normal 5g dose. Going on from this, with further research required, it might be possible to achieve the same improved performance in 1RM exercises usually seen after 5g.d-1 of CM, by taking a smaller daily dose of PEG. Again, it i s possible results may vary when combined with a set period of resistance training and further research is required in this area. CM vs. CEE, with special reference to the creatine transporter A 2009 study by Spillane et al concentrated on looking into the effects of CEE supplementation on muscle performance after a seven week period of heavy resistance training {{26 Spillane,M. 2009; }}. As mentioned briefly earlier, CEEs proposed advantage over CM is that it is more bio-available due to the esterification process it undergoes, thereby making it less hydrophilic. The manufacturers of this particular variety of creatine also claim that due to enhanced sarcolemma permeability in favour of CEE, it is able to taken up into muscle without the need for the creatine transporter (CT) {{26 Spillane,M. 2009; }}. The CT mediates the uptake of creatine in skeletal muscle against a concentration gradient and is helped by a Na+-dependent transporter {{94 Guimbal,C. 1993; }}. A review by Snow and Murphy looked at the literature concerning the CT, primarily how it is regulated and what gene expression is responsible for its activity {{51 Snow,R.J. 2001; }}. They found that the CreaT1 gen e was expressed in a variety of tissues, including neural, cardiac and skeletal muscle, and that the activity of the transporter protein itself was regulated by substrate concentration, cellular location and a host of other factors. A subsequent review in 2003 by the same authors demonstrated that the creatine content in muscle was predominantly determined by extracellular supply and the expression and activity of the CTs {{52 Snow,R.J. 2003; }}. They also found that after creatine supplementation, the increases seen in total muscle creatine levels were variable and hypothesized that potential factors responsible for these differences could be carbohydrate intake, average level of exercise and possibly fibre type. Supplement companies make specific reference to CEEs supposed benefits over CM, indicating that it is easier to absorb than other versions and offers faster results (MyProtein.co.uk web site, accessed 27-1-2010). However, these claims have been disputed, not only by the International Society of Sports Nutrition, as mentioned earlier, but also by another independent study that showed that CEE was unstable at low pH conditions and as a result, would be taken up less by muscle than an equivalent dose of CM (Mold et al 1955). The results of the comparative study by Spillane et al seemed to concur with these objections. Performance and muscle strength were improved to a similar level of those using CM and those in the placebo group, while body composition was unchanged. They concluded that the improvements seen in the study were most likely due to the training regime, rather than the supplementation and that CEE ingestion markedly increased the serum creatinine levels without any notable change in serum and total muscle creatine levels. This can only lead to the observation that the CEE was being degraded while in GI transit and its uptake by skeletal muscle was insufficient enough to prevent further degradation to creatinine or increase the levels of creatine within the muscles {{26 Spillane,M. 2009; }}. This is a very interesting revelation considering the manufacturers claims of increased absorption and it shouldnt go unnoticed that all supplementation mentioned in the study (placebo, CM and CEE) provided no additional benefit to the training specification undertaken by the volunteers. A loading phase (approx. 20g/day) of five days was followed by a maintenance period lasting 6 weeks (approx. 5g/day) and the training programme was a fairly intense one with participants required to train four times a week. Perhaps the more demanding training schedule was sufficient in providing maximal muscle strength increases and supplementation could not possibly have had any b eneficial effect. This is open to discussion however, as so far every study that has been reviewed in researching for this paper has shown that creatine increased the effects of training. Effect on repetitive sub-/supra-maximal exercise Improved performance in repetitive exercises such as repeated sprints (6x60m) are more relevant than one-off maximal performances when it comes to assessing creatines effect in a sporting environment. The ability to perform longer and harder during interval training sessions gives way to better results and hopefully better performance in competitions. It is essential to differentiate this form of exercise from endurance training, which involves long concerted efforts with little, if any, rest time. It could be said that improving this aspect of your training will give rise to improved performance in 1RM tests so the effect of creatine supplementation needs to be evaluated in both aspects. High intensity interval training (HIIT) is a specific type of interval training and is utilised by some of the studies subsequently mentioned. It requires maximal effort for a short duration of time, interspersed with active recovery at a lower intensity to the main workout. The thinking behind this form of training is that intramuscular levels of H+ will be elevated when the next set of exercise begins and this should force the body into improving intramuscular buffering capacity {{54 Costill,D.L. 1984; }}. This should then improve performance in future training/events by delaying fatigue. A 2003 study by van Loon et al looked at the effects of CM supplementation, without training, on performance during repeated supra-maximal sprints on a cycle ergometer as well as an endurance cycling exercise {{24 van Loon,L.J. 2003; }}. Whole-body and muscle oxidative capacity and substrate utilisation as well as body mass were also measured before and after to monitor any potential changes. The main aim of the researchers was to determine any differences in the results of the aforementioned values, between creatine loading and prolonged use of the supplement. Performance in the repeated sprints was improved in both groups, while there was no improvement at all in the endurance exercise. Muscle oxidative capacity was also unaffected. The researchers had based their predictions, on a possible change in the oxidative capacity, on findings by Brannon et al that showed increased muscle citrate synthase activity in rats after prolonged creatine supplementation {{53 Brannon,T.A. 1997; }}. Their results suggested improvements in the values mentioned because citrate synthase is a mitochondrial marker enzyme, although almost every study that has looked into creatines effect on endurance has found no (or even negative) effect. Unfortunately this study also came to the same conclusion. Kendall et al carried out a similar, subsequent study in 2009, looking into the effects of combining HIIT with creatine supplementation and assessing any changes in critical power or anaerobic working capacity {{3 Kendall,K.L. 2009; }}. Critical power reflects the individuals ability to sustain their highest power output for an extended period time while anaerobic working capacity is their total metabolic work capacity, independent of oxygen use {{3 Kendall,K.L. 2009; }}. Creatine significantly improved critical power compared to the placebo and control groups while anaerobic working capacity was unchanged in all test subjects after treatment. This suggests that HIITs effects on endurance performance changes may be enhanced by creatine supplementation. A possible explanation for this is that PC is a major component of biological buffering and, as has been shown already, creatine supplementation can increase the bodies total creatine stores therefore allowing for improved pre-exercise PC availability. Although the participants of this particular study did not have their intramuscular levels of PC measured, other studies have repeatedly shown a significant increase after varying levels of supplementation (3-20g/day) {{11 Harris,R.C. 1992;1 Vandenberghe,K. 1997; 55 Casey,A. 1996; }}. Therefore, not only does creatine supplementation help to replenish PC stores and increase energy production in the ATP-PC energy system, but it also serves to delay the onset of muscle fatigue by prolonging the build up of ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi), known factors in the activation of anaerobic glycolysis (Cramer 2007). The studies covered in this paper have mostly used young, healthy males to test the effects of creatine supplementation so to ensure fair coverage of the population the next study to be considered examines the effect of the ergogenic aid in sedentary older women. Gotshalk et al (2008) showed significant increases in upper- and lower-body maximal strength in thirty 58-71 year old women after CM supplementation The effect of creatine supplementation on muscle development The aim of this section is to attempt and explain the structural changes that take place after creatine supplementation that facilitate the improvement in muscle performance shown in the aforementioned studies. It has already been shown by numerous studies that exogenous creatine can replenish the PC stores and lead to faster regeneration of ATP and therefore allow a longer and more intense exertion. This next section will focus on how creatine potentially alters the morphology of skeletal muscle and how it can amplify the effects of training. Muscle fibre type and size A study by Volek et al examined the cross-sectional area and proportion of muscle fibre types before and after supplementation and twelve weeks of heavy resistance training {{56 Volek,J.S. 1999; }}. Those subjects in the creatine group had significant increases in the cross-sectional area of all four types (Type I, IIA, IIAB IIB) while increases in the placebo group were much smaller, with only Type IIA fibres reaching a significant value of change. Interestingly it was this type of fibre that increased in proportion in both groups after training, but more so in the creatine subjects (9% vs. 7%). They also found a significant decrease in Type IIB fibres in both groups (9% and 6%) indicating that the training was responsible for a slight shift from the fast glycolytic type towards the fast oxidative type of fibres, with creatine accentuating this change. This change is to be expected as resistance training has previously been shown to decrease the percentage of Type IIB fibres and en courage the transformation from Type IIA > Type IIAB > Type IIB in as little as five workouts {{18 Balsom,P.D. 1994; }}. As the authors state in their discussion section, the greater gains in muscle fibre hypertrophy seen by the creatine group implies enhanced myofibrillar synthesis and/or reduced breakdown. Myosin heavy chain synthesis Ingwall and colleagues had shown in 1972 that skeletal muscle, formed both in vitro and in vivo, would synthesise myosin heavy chain faster when supplied with creatine in vitro {{57 Ingwall,J.S. 1972; }}. Ingwall had been one of the first to postulate that the hypertrophy of skeletal muscle as a result of increased muscular activity might be due to an end product of the activity promoting contractile protein synthesis {{57 Ingwall,J.S. 1972; }}. The results of his early experiment were consistent with the idea that creatine acts as a positive-feedback effector within the system relating muscular activity and muscle protein synthesis. However it is still unclear whether the same mechanism is applicable in vivo as creatines beneficial effects appear to act indirectly through the enhancement of the intensity of trai